First Principles
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Herbert Spencer was an English philosopher, biologist, anthropologist, sociologist, and prominent classical liberal political theorist of the Victorian era. Spencer developed an all-embracing conception of evolution as the progressive development of the physical world, biological organisms, the human mind, and human culture and societies. As a polymath, he contributed to a wide range of subjects, including ethics, religion, anthropology, economics, political theory, philosophy, literature, astronomy, biology, sociology, and psychology. During his lifetime he achieved tremendous authority, mainly in English-speaking academia. "The only other English philosopher to have achieved anything like such widespread popularity was Bertrand Russell, and that was in the 20th century." Spencer was "the single most famous European intellectual in the closing decades of the nineteenth century"but his influence declined sharply after 1900: "Who now reads Spencer?" asked Talcott Parsons in 1937. Spencer is best known for the expression "survival of the fittest", which he coined in Principles of Biology (1864), after reading Charles Darwin's On the Origin of Species. This term strongly suggests natural selection, yet as Spencer extended evolution into realms of sociology and ethics, he also made use of Lamarckism.
Herbert Spencer was an English philosopher, biologist, anthropologist, sociologist, and prominent classical liberal political theorist of the Victorian era. Spencer developed an all-embracing conception of evolution as the progressive development of the physical world, biological organisms, the h...
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Herbert Spencer (1820-1903), philosophe, économiste et sociologue anglais fut l’un des premiers théoriciens du libéralisme. Il est aujourd’hui presque oublié bien qu’il connût de son vivant une renommée internationale. Après la révolution russe et la Première Guerre mondiale, sa doctrine qualifiée à tort de «darwinisme social», très critiquée par les partisans de l’état-providence, tombe peu à peu dans l’indifférence générale. À la fin de la Seconde Guerre mondiale, ses théories sont redécouvertes par le prix Nobel d’économie, le néolibéral Friedrich Hayek. Aujourd’hui Spencer est principalement connu pour ses essais politiques. Il est fréquemment cité par les penseurs libéraux comme Robert Nozick ou Milton Friedmann, et beaucoup de dirigeants politiques et économiques font référence à ses écrits pour légitimer les politiques de déréglementation ou de «réforme de l’État». Récupérée un peu rapidement par les tenants d’un libéralisme débridé, la pensée d’Herbert Spencer a été souvent caricaturée et mérite une lecture plus attentive.
Herbert Spencer (1820-1903), philosophe, économiste et sociologue anglais fut l’un des premiers théoriciens du libéralisme. Il est aujourd’hui presque oublié bien qu’il connût de son vivant une renommée internationale. Après la révolution russe et la Première Guerre mondiale, sa doctrine qualifié...
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